Catastrophic health expenditure during the COVID-19 pandemic in five countries: a time-series analysis.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted health systems in 2020, but it is unclear how financial hardship due to out-of-pocket (OOP) health-care costs was affected. We analysed catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) in 2020 in five countries with available household expenditure data: Belarus, Mexico, Peru, Russia, and Viet Nam. In Mexico and Peru, we also conducted an analysis of drivers of change in CHE in 2020 using publicly available data. METHODS: In this time-series analysis, we defined CHE as when OOP health-care spending exceeds 10% of consumption expenditure. Data for 2004-20 were obtained from individual and household level survey microdata (available for Mexico and Peru only), and tabulated data from the National Statistical Committee of Belarus and the World Bank Health Equity and Financial Protection Indicator database (for Viet Nam and Russia). We compared 2020 CHE with the CHE predicted from historical trends using an ensemble model. This method was also used to assess drivers of CHE: insurance coverage, OOP expenditure, and consumption expenditure. Interrupted time-series analysis was used to investigate the role of stay-at-home orders in March, 2020 in changes in health-care use and sector (ie, private vs public). FINDINGS: In Mexico, CHE increased to 5·6% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 5·1-6·2) in 2020, higher than predicted (3·2%, 2·5-4·0). In Belarus, CHE was 13·5% (11·8-15·2) in 2020, also higher than predicted (9·7%, 7·7-11·3). CHE was not different than predicted by past trends in Russia, Peru, and Viet Nam. Between March and April, 2020, health-care visits dropped by 4·6 (2·6-6·5) percentage points in Mexico and by 48·3 (40·6-56·0) percentage points in Peru, and the private share of health-care visits increased by 7·3 (4·3-10·3) percentage points in Mexico and by 20·7 (17·3-24·0) percentage points in Peru. INTERPRETATION: In three of the five countries studied, health systems either did not protect people from the financial risks of health care or did not maintain health-care access in 2020, an indication of health systems failing to maintain basic functions. If the 2020 response to the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated shifts to private health-care use, policies to cover costs in that sector or motivate patients to return to the public sector are needed to maintain financial risk protection. FUNDING: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

[Exposure to domestic violence and bullying victimization among Peruvian adolescents]. / Exposición a violencia en el hogar y victimización por acoso escolar en adolescentes peruanos.

With the aim of evaluating the association between exposure to violence at home and bullying victimization among Peruvian adolescents aged 12 to 17 years, during 2019, a cross-sectional study of secondary data analysis of the 2019 Peruvian National Survey on Social Relations (ENARES) was carried out. The independent variable was exposure to violence at home, and the dependent variable was bullying victimization, which included psychological and physical bullying. Potential confounding variables were also included. Multinomial logistic regression models were used, and relative risk ratios (RRR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated. The complex sampling of the ENARES 2019 was considered in all calculations. Data from 1,569 Peruvian adolescents were included. Thirty-eight point one percent were exposed to violence at home, while 37.9% were victims of psychological bullying only, 3.4% of physical bullying only, and 22.4% of both types of bullying. Adolescents who were always or almost always exposed to violence at home were 4.8 times more likely to be victims of bullying (RRR = 4.80; 95%CI: 2.44-9.42), adjusted for multiple confounding variables. In Peru, the Peruvian adolescents aged 12 to 17 years who were exposed to violence at home were more likely to be victims of bullying at school. These results should draw the attention of public policies decision-makers toward children's protection.

Con el objetivo de evaluar la asociación entre la exposición a la violencia en el hogar y la victimización por acoso escolar en adolescentes peruanos de 12 a 17 años, durante el año 2019, se realizó un estudio transversal de análisis de datos secundario de la Encuesta Nacional sobre Relaciones Sociales (ENARES) de 2019. La variable independiente fue la exposición a violencia en el hogar y la variable dependiente fue la victimización por acoso escolar, que incluyó al acoso psicológico y físico. Además, se incluyeron posibles variables de confusión. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística multinomial y se estimaron razones de riesgo relativo (RRR) con sus intervalos del 95% de confianza (IC95%). En todos los cálculos se consideró el muestreo complejo de la ENARES 2019. Se incluyeron datos de 1.569 adolescentes peruanos. El 38,1% estuvo expuesto a violencia en el hogar, mientras que el 37,9% fue víctima solo de acoso psicológico, el 3,4% solo de acoso físico y el 22,4% de ambos tipos de acoso escolar. Los adolescentes, que siempre o casi siempre estuvieron expuestos a la violencia en el hogar, tuvieron 4,8 veces la probabilidad de ser víctimas de acoso escolar (RRR = 4,80; IC95%: 2,44-9,42), ajustado por múltiples variables de confusión. En Perú, los adolescentes peruanos de 12 a 17 años que estuvieron expuestos a violencia en el hogar tuvieron mayor probabilidad de ser víctimas de acoso escolar. Estos resultados deben llamar la atención de los decisores en políticas públicas de protección infantil.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a associação entre a exposição à violência doméstica e a vitimização do bullying em adolescentes peruanos de 12 a 17 anos em 2019, foi realizado um estudo transversal da análise de dados secundários da Pesquisa Nacional de Relações Sociais (ENARES) de 2019. A variável independente foi a exposição à violência doméstica e a variável dependente foi a vitimização por bullying, que incluiu bullying psicológico e físico. Além disso, possíveis variáveis de confusão foram incluídas. Modelos de regressão logística multinomial foram utilizados e as razões de risco relativo (RRR) foram estimadas com seus intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Em todos os cálculos foram consideradas a amostragem complexa da ENARES 2019. Foram incluídos dados de 1.569 adolescentes peruanos. 38,1% foram expostos à violência doméstica, enquanto 37,9% foram vítimas apenas de assédio psicológico, 3,4% apenas de assédio físico e 22,4% de ambos os tipos de bullying. Os adolescentes que sempre ou quase sempre estiveram expostos à violência doméstica tiveram 4,8 vezes a probabilidade de serem vítimas de bullying (RRR = 4,80; IC95%: 2,44-9,42), ajustado por múltiplas variáveis de confusão. No Peru, adolescentes peruanos de 12 a 17 anos que foram expostos à violência doméstica tiveram maior probabilidade de serem vítimas de bullying. Esses resultados devem chamar a atenção dos decisores em políticas públicas de proteção à criança.

Gender Differences in the Factors Associated with Alcohol Binge Drinking: A Population-Based Analysis in a Latin American Country.

Alcohol consumption is a public health problem in Peru, fostered by traditional practices, where promoting social interaction in celebrations, facilitating field work as a source of energy and warmth, and achieving objectives in certain labor negotiations, play an important role. However, research on the risk factors of binge drinking according to gender is limited. The study aim was to determine the factors associated with binge drinking in the Peruvian adult population by gender. An analytical study of secondary data from the 2018 Peruvian Demographic and Family Health Survey was conducted. The dependent variable was binge drinking in the last 30 days. Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) were estimated for the association between sociodemographic and health-related variables with binge drinking. A total of 32,020 adults were included. Binge drinking was found in 22.4%. Men (32.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 31.4-33.8) presented a higher consumption pattern compared to women (12.8%; 95% CI: 12.0-13.6). For both genders, differences were found in binge drinking according to sociodemographic characteristics (age and wealth quintile was associated in both genders while the educational level was associated only for men, and ethnic self-identification and marital status for women) and health- characteristics related (health insurance, smoking in the last 30 days, overweight and obesity were associated in both genders). Several factors are associated with binge drinking according to gender in the Peruvian population, including age and education level among men, as well as marital status and ethnic self-identification among women.

Geographic and socioeconomic inequalities in cesarean birth rates in Peru: A comparison between 2009 and 2018.

BACKGROUND: There is a global concern about the high rates of cesarean birth (CB). This study aimed to investigate the geographic and socioeconomic inequalities in CB rates in the Peruvian population. METHODS: We conducted a population-based study using the Peruvian Demographic and Family Health Surveys (ENDES, the Spanish acronym for Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar) between 2009 and 2018. ENDES reported data from births registered in the five years preceding survey execution. For the years 2009 (n = 10 289) and 2018 (n = 23 077), we calculated the weighted rates of CB among variables such as natural geographic domain (Coast, Andean, or Amazon), area of residence (rural or urban), wealth index quintile (quintile 1 is poorest, and quintile 5 is richest), and educational level. To assess inequalities, we calculated the concentration index (CIs), the slope index of inequality (SII), and the relative index of inequality (RII). RESULTS: The CB rates by year were 21.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 20.0-22.9) in 2009 and 34.5% (95% CI: 33.4-35.5) in 2018. Women living in urban and coastal regions and with a higher education level had the highest CB rates. All the CIs were positive, reflecting a prowealthy inequality in CB rates, and both SII and RII were positive, indicating a gap between the use of cesarean in women in the higher wealth quintile compared with those in the lower quintile. CONCLUSIONS: Cesarean birth rates have increased by 60% during the last decade in Peru. The richest wealth quintiles had the highest CB rates during the study years, which were well above global recommendations.

Prevalence of home birth among 880,345 women in 67 low- and middle-income countries: A meta-analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of home birth in low-middle income countries (LMIC) according to geographic area and sociodemographic characteristics between 2000 and 2019. METHODS: A meta-analysis was carried out using the most recent demographic and health surveys as a data source (total countries: 67). A random-effects meta-analysis was obtained to calculate pooled prevalence estimates of home birth for all the countries included and by geographic region of the world. Likewise, a subgroup analysis was performed to estimate the prevalence of home birth according to the sociodemographic factors considered for this study. RESULTS: The global prevalence of home birth was 28% (95% CI: 0.24-0.33), with the lowest prevalence in the region of Europe & Central Asia (5%, 95% CI: 0.03-0.07) and the highest in East Asia & Pacific region (38%, 95% CI: 0.26-0.51). Twelve countries had proportions of home births greater than 50% (seven belonged to the Sub-Saharan Africa region). The countries with the highest proportion of home births were Chad (78%), Ethiopia (73%), and Niger and Yemen (70% each). Concerning the wealth index, in general, the richest quintile (quintile 5) presented the lowest proportion of home births. In contrast, the poorest (quintile 1) generally had the highest prevalence of home births. Regarding educational level, women without education presented the highest proportions of home births in general. In relation to the area of residence, in almost all the countries studied, women in rural areas generally had a higher proportion of home births than those in urban areas. CONCLUSIONS: Home births occurred in approximately 3 out of 10 women in LMIC. There are also differences in the proportion of home births according to socioeconomic factors such as educational level, wealth index, and rurality.

Factors associated with home births in Peru 2015-2017: A cross-sectional population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Higher rates of maternal complications and deaths have been described in home births. However, few local studies have evaluated factors associated with home births in Peru. The study aims to determine the prevalence and factors associated with home birth in the Peruvian population. METHODS: A population-based analytical cross-sectional study was conducted using pooled data from the 2015-2017 Peruvian Demographic and Health Surveys. A logistic regression model was performed to calculate crude and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for the association between sociodemographic and mother-related factors and home births. RESULTS: Seven out of every 100 births were home births. Living in a rural area (aOR = 3.10; 95% CI: 2.52-3.81), having a primary or secondary educational level, belonging to a medium or low wealth tertile, being from the rest of the Coast, Andean or Amazon regions, the second or greater number of birth order and considering the distance to the health center as problematic (aOR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.17-1.48) were found to be associated with a higher probability of home births. Contrarily, being in the age groups of 25-34 and 35-39 years old, having a multiple pregnancy and giving birth to a medium (aOR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.78-1.00) or large-sized newborn (aOR = 0.81; 95% CI: 0.72-0.93) were associated with a lower probability of presenting home births. CONCLUSIONS: Sociodemographic factors are associated with home births in Peru. Further study of these factors is required to develop strategies specific to the needs of the population of childbearing age.

Differences in the prevalence of cesarean section and associated factors in private and public healthcare systems in Peru.

BACKGROUND: Cesarean section rates have been steadily increasing worldwide. Private health facilities are reported as being a major contributor to this rising rate in Latin America. AIM: To assess the prevalence and determinants of cesarean section rates among public and private health facilities in Peru. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analytical study pooling the data of 52,215 women between 15 and 49 years of age from the 2015-2017 Peruvian Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES) database. Sociodemographic and pregnancy-related variables were used to construct adjusted logistic regression models for the indication of cesarean section. FINDINGS: The prevalence of cesarean births was 73.0% (95%CI: 71.1-74.9) and 30.3% (95% CI: 29.6-31.0) in private and public health facilities, respectively. In private facilities, living in an urban area, having a higher educational level, being in the age group of 35-49 years, and having multiple pregnancies increased the probability of a cesarean section. In public health facilities, living in an urban area, having a higher wealth quintile, higher education level, older maternal age, birth order, newborn size and gender, type of pregnancy, language, and maternal height were all factors associated with cesarean section. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of cesarean section found in the present study was above the value recommended by the WHO (10%) for both public and private facilities. It is necessary to address the indiscriminate rise in the use of cesarean sections, developing strategies according to the type of health facility.

Metrics of Ideal Cardiovascular Health are Unequally Distributed between Peruvian Men and Women: Analysis of a National Population-Based Survey in 2017.

BACKGROUND: To determine socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular health (CVH) metrics among Peruvian adults as well as differences according to sex. METHODS: An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted in 26,175 individuals aged 18-65 years using the 2017 Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey. According to the American Heart Association, 5 CVH metrics which comprised three ideal health behaviors (diet, non smoking, ideal body mass index [BMI]), and two ideal health factors (ideal blood pressure and no history of diabetes) were evaluated. The concentration curves (CC) methodology was used to analyze whether CVH metrics vary between socioeconomic status and sex. The concentration index (CI) was used to quantify socioeconomic-related inequality in health variables. RESULTS: Overall, the mean age was 36.5 years (SD = 11.9) and 51.2% were women. Only 2.4% had 5 ideal CVH metrics (women 3.7%, men 1.0%) with a CI very close to the equality line (0.0135). (0.0135; higher in women [0.0262], compared to men [0,0002]). A greater prevalence of ideal CHV metrics (3 or more) was found in women (P < 0.001). Ideal health factors were more prevalent (52.1%) than ideal health behaviors (13.8%). Regarding inequality measures, CCs for most CVH metrics had a higher concentration in the lowest wealth population, except for ideal diet, which was more frequent among higher levels of wealth. An ideal BMI was the CVH metric with the lowest CI (overall: -0.0817; men: -0.2699). CONCLUSIONS: Peruvian women presented a higher prevalence of ideal CVH metrics and fewer inequalities. Ideal CVH metrics tend to be concentrated in the wealthiest women. Low- and middle-income countries should consider socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular disease prevention programs.

Use of mammography in Peruvian women: An analysis of the 2018 Demographic and Health Survey. / Factores asociados a la realización de mamografía en mujeres peruanas: análisis de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar 2018.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is the second most prevalent neoplasm in women after cervical cancer in Peru. It is also the third leading cause of female mortality. The implementation of screening programs using mammography has led to a considerable reduction in the mortality of this cancer in high-income countries. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the factors associated with mammography use in Peruvian women between the ages of 40 and 59. METHODS: Secondary analysis of the 2018 Demographic and Health Survey in Peru. The national representative sample consisted of 4822 women between the ages of 40 and 59. The main outcome was the use of mammography during the last 24 months, with which we calculated percentages and crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR). RESULTS: 16.9% of the surveyed women reported a mammography exam. A higher proportion of mammography use was observed in women with a higher level of education (30.1%), higher wealth quintile (34.2%) and those from capital cities (26.9%). Multivariate analysis showed that only the highest wealth index quintile (prevalence ratio: 5.75; 95% confidence interval: 2.97 to 11.15) compared to the lowest quintile; and the 55 to 59 age group (prevalence ratio: 1.83; 95% confidence interval: 1.31 to 2.55) compared to the 40 to 44 age group, were significantly associated with mammography. CONCLUSIONS: The use of mammography as a preventive examination for breast cancer in Peru is still low compared to other countries. The association of mammography with the better-off quintile shows the inequalities of access to preventive health in the country.

INTRODUCCIÓN: En Perú, el cáncer de mama es la segunda neoplasia más prevalente y la tercera causa neoplásica de mayor mortalidad en mujeres. La implementación de programas de tamizaje mediante mamografías ha reducido considerablemente la mortalidad por cáncer de mama en países de altos ingresos. OBJETIVOS: Analizar los factores bio-sociodemográficos asociados a la realización de mamografías en mujeres peruanas de 40 a 59 años. MÉTODOS: Análisis secundario de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar 2018 realizada en Perú. La muestra de representatividad nacional consistió en 4822 mujeres de 40 a 59 años. Se consideró como variable principal la realización de una mamografía en los últimos 24 meses, con lo cual se calcularon proporciones ponderadas y razones de prevalencia crudas y ajustadas. RESULTADOS: El 16,9% de las mujeres encuestadas reportó la realización de mamografía. La mayor proporción de realización de mamografías se encontró en mujeres con nivel educativo superior (30,1%), mayor quintil de riqueza (34,2%) y aquellas provenientes de ciudad tipo capital (26,9%). El análisis multivariado mostró que solo el mayor quintil de riqueza (razón de prevalencias: 5,75; intervalo de confianza 95%: 2,97 a 11,15) comparado con el menor quintil, y el grupo etario de 55 a 59 años (razón de prevalencias: 1,83; intervalo de confianza 95%: 1,31 a 2,55) comparado con mujeres de 40 a 44 años; estuvieron asociados significativamente con la realización de mamografías en los últimos 24 meses. CONCLUSIONES: La realización de mamografía como examen preventivo de cáncer de mama en Perú aún es baja en comparación a otros países. La asociación de la realización de mamografía con el quintil de riqueza evidencia las desigualdades de acceso a salud preventiva en el país.

[Manipulation, analysis, and visualization of data from the demographic and family health survey with the R program]. / Manipulación, análisis y visualización de datos de la encuesta demográfica y de salud familiar con el programa R.

The Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES, in Spanish) is a national population-based survey with representation at the departmental level and area of residence, constituting a source of information on the health status of the Peruvian population. In order to standardize its processing and subsequent reuse by the academic community and other stakeholders, we documented the code for the manipulation, analysis, and visualization of data from the ENDES 2017 health questionnaire, through an example on the prevalence of hypertension and obesity, using the R statistical programming environment and language. The R code is presented and detailed sequentially, as well as the theoretical support of the survey structure for the manipulation of databases, considering that the complex structure of the ENDES could be a potential barrier faced by researchers. Finally, this example can serve as a basis for generating further studies based on the ENDES that are relevant to public health decision-making.

La Encuesta Demográfica de Salud Familiar (ENDES) es una encuesta nacional de base poblacional con representatividad a nivel departamental y área de residencia, constituyéndose en una fuente de información del estado de salud de la población peruana. Con el objetivo de estandarizar su procesamiento y posterior reutilización por parte de la comunidad académica y otros actores interesados; documentamos el código para la manipulación, análisis y visualización de datos del cuestionario de salud de la ENDES 2017, mediante un ejemplo sobre prevalencia de hipertensión arterial y obesidad, utilizando el entorno y lenguaje de programación estadístico R. Se presenta y detalla secuencialmente el código en R, así como, el sustento teórico de la estructura de la encuesta para la manipulación de las bases de datos, considerando que la compleja estructura de la ENDES podría ser una potencial barrera que enfrentan los investigadores. Finalmente, este ejemplo puede servir de base para que se generen mayores estudios basados en la ENDES que sean relevantes para la toma de decisiones en salud pública.

Manipulación, análisis y visualización de datos de la encuesta demográfica y de salud familiar con el programa R / Manipulation, analysis, and visualization of data from the demographic and family health survey with the R program

RESUMEN La Encuesta Demográfica de Salud Familiar (ENDES) es una encuesta nacional de base poblacional con representatividad a nivel departamental y área de residencia, constituyéndose en una fuente de información del estado de salud de la población peruana. Con el objetivo de estandarizar su procesamiento y posterior reutilización por parte de la comunidad académica y otros actores interesados; documentamos el código para la manipulación, análisis y visualización de datos del cuestionario de salud de la ENDES 2017, mediante un ejemplo sobre prevalencia de hipertensión arterial y obesidad, utilizando el entorno y lenguaje de programación estadístico R. Se presenta y detalla secuencialmente el código en R, así como, el sustento teórico de la estructura de la encuesta para la manipulación de las bases de datos, considerando que la compleja estructura de la ENDES podría ser una potencial barrera que enfrentan los investigadores. Finalmente, este ejemplo puede servir de base para que se generen mayores estudios basados en la ENDES que sean relevantes para la toma de decisiones en salud pública.

ABSTRACT The Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES, in Spanish) is a national population-based survey with representation at the departmental level and area of residence, constituting a source of information on the health status of the Peruvian population. In order to standardize its processing and subsequent reuse by the academic community and other stakeholders, we documented the code for the manipulation, analysis, and visualization of data from the ENDES 2017 health questionnaire, through an example on the prevalence of hypertension and obesity, using the R statistical programming environment and language. The R code is presented and detailed sequentially, as well as the theoretical support of the survey structure for the manipulation of databases, considering that the complex structure of the ENDES could be a potential barrier faced by researchers. Finally, this example can serve as a basis for generating further studies based on the ENDES that are relevant to public health decision-making.

Keywords: Data Science; Epidemiological Surveys; Statistics as a matter; Hypertension; Obesity; Peru

Determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding in Peru: analysis of the 2018 Demographic and Family Health Survey.

OBJECTIVES: Early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) is one of the most cost-effective strategies to reduce neonatal mortality. We sought to determine the prevalence and determinants of EIBF in Peru. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analytical study of the 2018 Peruvian Demographic and Family Health Survey as a secondary data source. In total, 19,595 children born during the 5 years prior to the survey were included in the study. The dependent variable (EIBF status), socio-demographic variables, and pregnancy-related variables were analyzed using a multivariate logistic regression model to identify the determinants of EIBF. RESULTS: The prevalence of EIBF in the study population was 49.7%. Cesarean deliveries were associated with a lower likelihood of EIBF (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.05 to 0.07) than were vaginal deliveries. Newborns born at public health centers (aOR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.15 to 1.65) had a higher rate of EIBF than those not born at public or private health centers. Women from the jungle region (aOR, 2.51; 95% CI, 2.17 to 2.89) had higher odds of providing EIBF than those from the coast. Mothers with more than a secondary education (aOR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.55 to 0.76) were less likely to breastfeed during the first hour of the newborn's life than women with primary or no education. CONCLUSIONS: More than half of Peruvian children do not breastfeed during the first hour after birth. The major determinants of EIBF status were the delivery mode and the region of maternal residence. Strategies are needed to promote early breastfeeding practices.

Evaluación de un instrumento para cuantificar la estigmatización de la adolescente embarazada en el Perú / Evaluation of an instrument to quantify stigmatization of pregnant adolescents in Peru

El embarazo adolescente es un problema de salud pública que representa una situación que posiciona la vida de la adolescente en una condición de particular vulnerabilidad no solo biomédica, sino también social, siendo particularmente importante la estigmatización hacia la adolescente embarazada. Objetivo: Evaluar psicométricamente un instrumento destinado a cuantificar la estigmatización de la adolescente embarazada. Diseño: Estudio transversal. Lugar: Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal, Lima, Perú. Participantes: Adolescente puérperas. Intervenciones: Se estudió 292 adolescente puérperas atendidas durante los meses de enero a mayo del 2010. Se usó la Escala de Estigmatización de la Adolescente Embarazada (EEAA), la cual está compuesta de 7 ítems. Para la construcción teórica de la escala, se asumió dos entidades sociales promotoras de la estigmatización: la familia y el entorno social. Para evaluar la predictibilidad de la EEAE se trabajó con la siguiente hipótesis: los mayores niveles de estigmatización están asociados a un menor autoconcepto de la adolescente como madre. Principales medidas de resultados: Coeficiente de alfa de Cronbach, medias, T de student. Resultados: El análisis psicométrico de la EEAE reveló un coeficiente alfa de Cronbach de 0,78, con dos dimensiones que explicaron el 65,8 por ciento de la varianza total. Conclusiones: Se probó la hipótesis planteada: un menor autoconcepto de la adolescente como madre está asociado significativamente a mayores puntajes en la EEAE (p<0,05). La EEAE presentó consistencia alta. Además existió una asociación con un menor autoconcepto materno, por lo que se considera una escala confiable y válida para su uso en adolescentes embarazadas...

Teenage pregnancy is a public health problem that places the status of a teenager in biomedical and social vulnerability, the stigmatization of a pregnant adolescent. Objective: To evaluate psychometrically an instrument to measure stigmatization of pregnant adolescents. Design: Cross-sectional study. Location: National Maternal Perinatal Institute, Lima, Peru. Participants: Adolescent puerperae. Interventions: To 292 postpartum adolescents attended from January through May 2010 an Adolescent Pregnant Stigma Scale (APSS) consisting in 7 items was applied. For the theoretical construction of the scale, two promoter entities of social stigma were assumed: family and social environment. To assess the predictability of APSS the following hypothesis was considered: the higher levels of stigma are associated with a lower self-concept of the adolescent mother. Main outcome measures: Cronbach's alpha coefficient, medians, T student. Results: The psychometric analysis revealed for APSS a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.78; two dimensions accounted for 65.8 per cent of the total variance. Conclusions: The hypothesis was verified: a lower self-concept of the adolescent as a mother was significantly associated with higher scores of APSS (p<0.05). APSS had high consistency. There was also an association with a lower maternal self-concept, making the scale reliable and valid for use in pregnant adolescents...

[Characteristics of violence during teenage pregnancy in Lima, Peru]. / Características de la violencia durante el embarazo en adolescentes de Lima, Perú

OBJECTIVES: To determine the characteristics of violence seen in pregnant teenagers who were treated at the Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal (INMP) in Lima, Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out by INMP between January and March, 2010 using a probabilistic and systematic sampling. The study unit comprises every hospitalized teenager who had just given birth and who lived in Lima. A semi-structured interview was conducted. History of violence was operationalized into: verbal violence (insults, ridicule, and humiliation), physical violence (arm pulling, hair pulling, pushes), direct aggression (slaps, kicking, burns) and sexual violence (sexual intercourse without consent). RESULTS: 292 teenage mothers aged 16,5 ± 1 in average took part in the study. 47.9% lived with their partners and 51.4% were single. In 97.3% of the cases, they got pregnant as a result of a conserted sexual relationship, while 2.7% got pregnant as a result of rape. 90.1% of teenage mothers reported not having planned the pregnancy. Conserning history of violence: 48.1% had had verbal violence, 17.1% physical violence, 8.2% direct aggression and 6.8% sexual violence. CONCLUSIONS: Violence during teenage pregnancy is not an isolated event; actually, it is rather common in any of its forms.

Características de la violencia durante el embarazo en adolescentes de Lima, Perú / Characteristics of violence during teenage pregnancy in Lima, Peru

Objetivos. Determinar las características de la violencia durante el embarazo en adolescentes atendidas en el Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal (INMP) de Lima, Perú. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal llevado a cabo en el INMP entre enero a marzo de 2010. Se trabajó con una muestra probabilística y un muestreo sistemático. La unidad de estudio fue toda adolescente hospitalizada después de la atención del parto y residente en Lima. Se realizó una entrevista semiestructurada. El antecedente de violencia se operacionalizó en: violencia verbal (insultos, ridiculizaciones, humillación); violencia física (jalones del brazo, jalones de los cabellos, empujones); agresión directa (puñetes, cachetadas, patadas, quemaduras), y violencia sexual (relaciones sexuales sin consentimiento). Resultados. Se incluyeron 292 madres adolescentes. La edad promedio fue de 16,5 ± 1 año. En cuanto a estado civil, el 47,9% era conviviente y el 51,4% soltera. El motivo del embarazo fue por relación consentida en el 97,3% y por violación sexual en el 2,7%. El 90,1% de las madres adolescentes refirió no haber planificado el embarazo. El antecedente de violencia reportado fue en 48,1% de violencia verbal; 17,1% violencia física; 8,2% agresión directa, y 6,8% de violencia sexual. Conclusiones. La violencia durante el embarazo adolescente no es un hecho aislado, sino que es altamente frecuente en cualquiera de sus formas.

Objectives. To determine the characteristics of violence seen in pregnant teenagers who were treated at the Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal (INMP) in Lima, Peru. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out by INMP between January and March, 2010 using a probabilistic and systematic sampling. The study unit comprises every hospitalized teenager who had just given birth and who lived in Lima. A semi-structured interview was conducted. History of violence was operationalized into: verbal violence (insults, ridicule, and humiliation), physical violence (arm pulling, hair pulling, pushes), direct aggression (slaps, kicking, burns) and sexual violence (sexual intercourse without consent). Results. 292 teenage mothers aged 16,5 ± 1 in average took part in the study. 47.9% lived with their partners and 51.4% were single. In 97.3% of the cases, they got pregnant as a result of a conserted sexual relationship, while 2.7% got pregnant as a result of rape. 90.1% of teenage mothers reported not having planned the pregnancy. Conserning history of violence: 48.1% had had verbal violence, 17.1% physical violence, 8.2% direct aggression and 6.8% sexual violence. Conclusions. Violence during teenage pregnancy is not an isolated event; actually, it is rather common in any of its forms.

íocon la pareja en madres de neonatos con bajo peso al nacer / Couple's Relationship in mothers of low birth weight neonates

Objetivo: Caracterizar la relación con la pareja en madres de neonatos con bajo peso al nacer (BPN). Métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal y analítico, realizado en el Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal (INMP). Se realizó un análisis de datos secundarios. Se tomó a toda la población de madres que dieron a luz un recién nacido único con BPN durante los meses de julio y agosto del 2008 en el INMP. Se recopilaron los datos por medio de revisión de historias clínicas, cuestionarios y entrevistas. se caracterizó la relación con la pareja mediante cuatro preguntas: ¨su pareja la ayuda bastante? ¨tiene problemas con su pareja? ¨se siente controlada por su pareja? ¨se siente amada por su pareja? El presente estudio contó con la aprobación del Comié‚ de ética del INMP. Resultados: La población de estudio fue de 126 madres (puérperas). Se encontró que 31.7% de las entrevistadas no recib¡an la ayuda suficiente por parte de sus parejas. 91.9% refer¡a con frecuencia tener problemas con sus parejas. 92.1% refirió sentirse controlada por su pareja de forma frecuente y 14.2% refirió no sentirse amada por su pareja. Conclusiones: La relación con la pareja en madres de neonatos con BPN muestra una alta proporción de los siguientes indicadores: falta de apoyo, problemas frecuentes y sentimiento de control por parte de la pareja. A partir de esta información se resalta la necesidad de considerar de modo integral la realidad que vive una mujer en el período inmediato al parto, sobre todo en las madres que de por sí se encuentran en mayor riesgo como las que acaban de tener un neonato con BPN.

Objective: To characterize couple’s relationship in mothers of low birth weight neonates (LBW). Methods: Observational, cross-sectional and analytical study, held in Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal(INMP). It was made secondary data analysis. Were included the entire population of mothers who delivered a newborn with LBW among months of July and August 2008 in INMP. Data was colected through revision of case history, questionnaires and interviews. Relation with couples was characterized by 4 questions: Do you receive a lot of help from your partner?, Do you have problems with your partner?, Do you feel controlled by your partner?, Do you feel loved by your partner? The present study was approved by The Committee of Ethics of INMP. Results: The study population was 126 puerperal mothers. It was found that 31.7% refer did not receive enough help from their partners. 91.9% referred to have problems frequently with their partners. 92.1% referred feeling controlled by their partner and 14.2% referred not feeling loved by their couple. Conclusions: The couple's relationship in mothers of LBW neonates evidences a high proportion of following indicators: Lack of support, frequent problems and feeling controlled by the partner. This information shows the necessity to consider on an integral mode the reality that lives a woman in the childbirth immediate period, mainly the mothers with bigger risk like the mothers who have a LBW neonate.